I want to know where love is

Public release date: 20-Jun-2012
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Contact: Clea Desjardins
clea.desjardins@concordia.ca
514-848-2424 x5068
Concordia University

Concordia research helps develop first brain map of love and desire

Montreal, June 20, 2012 Thanks to modern science, we know that love lives in the brain, not in the heart. But where in the brain is it and is it in the same place as sexual desire? A recent international study is the first to draw an exact map of these intimately linked feelings.

"No one has ever put these two together to see the patterns of activation," says Jim Pfaus, professor of psychology at Concordia University. "We didn't know what to expect the two could have ended up being completely separate. It turns out that love and desire activate specific but related areas in the brain."

Along with colleagues in the USA and Switzerland, Pfaus analyzed the results from 20 separate studies that examined brain activity while subjects engaged in tasks such as viewing erotic pictures or looking at photographs of their significant others. By pooling this data, the scientists were able to form a complete map of love and desire in the brain.

They found that that two brain structures in particular, the insula and the striatum, are responsible for tracking the progression from sexual desire to love. The insula is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within an area between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe, while the striatum is located nearby, inside the forebrain.

Love and sexual desire activate different areas of the striatum. The area activated by sexual desire is usually activated by things that are inherently pleasurable, such as sex or food. The area activated by love is involved in the process of conditioning by which things paired with reward or pleasure are given inherent value That is, as feelings of sexual desire develop into love, they are processed in a different place in the striatum.

Somewhat surprisingly, this area of the striatum is also the part of the brain that associated with drug addiction. Pfaus explains there is good reason for this. "Love is actually a habit that is formed from sexual desire as desire is rewarded. It works the same way in the brain as when people become addicted to drugs."

While love may be a habit, it's not necessarily a bad one. Love activates different pathways in the brain that are involved in monogamy and in pair bonding. Some areas in the brain are actually less active when a person feels love than when they feel desire. "While sexual desire has a very specific goal, love is more abstract and complex, so it's less dependent on the physical presence someone else," says Pfaus.

According to Pfaus, cognitive neuroscience has given researchers a deep understanding of where intelligence and problem solving sit in the brain, but there is still a lot to discover when it comes to love. "I see this paper as a cornerstone," he says, "in what I hope will turn into more studies in human social neuroscience that can give us an idea of where love is in the brain."

###

Partners in research: Along with Concordia's Jim Pfaus, this research was conducted by Stephanie Cacioppo from the University of Geneva in Switzerland and Syracuse University in the USA; Francesco Bianchi-Demicheli from the Maurice Chalumeau Foundation and the University Hospital of Geneva in Switzerland; and Chris Frum and James W. Lewis, both from West Virginia University in the USA.

Related Links:

Professor Jim Pfaus http://csbn.concordia.ca/Faculty/Pfaus/

Concordia's department of Psychology http://psychology.concordia.ca/index.php

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 20-Jun-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Clea Desjardins
clea.desjardins@concordia.ca
514-848-2424 x5068
Concordia University

Concordia research helps develop first brain map of love and desire

Montreal, June 20, 2012 Thanks to modern science, we know that love lives in the brain, not in the heart. But where in the brain is it and is it in the same place as sexual desire? A recent international study is the first to draw an exact map of these intimately linked feelings.

"No one has ever put these two together to see the patterns of activation," says Jim Pfaus, professor of psychology at Concordia University. "We didn't know what to expect the two could have ended up being completely separate. It turns out that love and desire activate specific but related areas in the brain."

Along with colleagues in the USA and Switzerland, Pfaus analyzed the results from 20 separate studies that examined brain activity while subjects engaged in tasks such as viewing erotic pictures or looking at photographs of their significant others. By pooling this data, the scientists were able to form a complete map of love and desire in the brain.

They found that that two brain structures in particular, the insula and the striatum, are responsible for tracking the progression from sexual desire to love. The insula is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within an area between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe, while the striatum is located nearby, inside the forebrain.

Love and sexual desire activate different areas of the striatum. The area activated by sexual desire is usually activated by things that are inherently pleasurable, such as sex or food. The area activated by love is involved in the process of conditioning by which things paired with reward or pleasure are given inherent value That is, as feelings of sexual desire develop into love, they are processed in a different place in the striatum.

Somewhat surprisingly, this area of the striatum is also the part of the brain that associated with drug addiction. Pfaus explains there is good reason for this. "Love is actually a habit that is formed from sexual desire as desire is rewarded. It works the same way in the brain as when people become addicted to drugs."

While love may be a habit, it's not necessarily a bad one. Love activates different pathways in the brain that are involved in monogamy and in pair bonding. Some areas in the brain are actually less active when a person feels love than when they feel desire. "While sexual desire has a very specific goal, love is more abstract and complex, so it's less dependent on the physical presence someone else," says Pfaus.

According to Pfaus, cognitive neuroscience has given researchers a deep understanding of where intelligence and problem solving sit in the brain, but there is still a lot to discover when it comes to love. "I see this paper as a cornerstone," he says, "in what I hope will turn into more studies in human social neuroscience that can give us an idea of where love is in the brain."

###

Partners in research: Along with Concordia's Jim Pfaus, this research was conducted by Stephanie Cacioppo from the University of Geneva in Switzerland and Syracuse University in the USA; Francesco Bianchi-Demicheli from the Maurice Chalumeau Foundation and the University Hospital of Geneva in Switzerland; and Chris Frum and James W. Lewis, both from West Virginia University in the USA.

Related Links:

Professor Jim Pfaus http://csbn.concordia.ca/Faculty/Pfaus/

Concordia's department of Psychology http://psychology.concordia.ca/index.php

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

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Big powers, Iran far apart at nuclear talks

MOSCOW (Reuters) - Six world powers and Iran made little progress on Monday at the first of two days of talks on how to end a decade-long dispute over Tehran's nuclear program and avert the threat of a new war in the Middle East.

"We had an intense and tough exchange of views," said Michael Mann, spokesman for European Union foreign policy head Catherine Ashton who leads the delegation on behalf of the six powers: the United States, China, Russia, France, Britain and Germany.

Iran said before the talks began in Moscow that progress would be possible only if the powers acknowledged its right to enrich uranium, a process which Tehran says it uses only for peaceful purposes but which could also make weapons material.

A series of U.N. Security Council resolutions since 2006 have demanded that Iran suspend all its enrichment-related activities due to concerns about the nature of the nuclear program.

The world powers, the five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council - all of which have nuclear weapons - plus Germany, said it was time for Tehran to do more to assure them it was not seeking the bomb.

New U.S. and EU sanctions come into force in two weeks, Israel has threatened to bomb Iran if no solution to the dispute is found and oil markets are nervous over the prospect of intensifying regional tensions.

"The main stumbling block is that the sides' positions are rather difficult and tough to reconcile," Sergei Ryabkov, a Russian deputy foreign minister and negotiator, told reporters at the end of the first days of talks in a Moscow hotel.

An Iranian diplomat said: "Up to now the environment is not positive at all."

One Western official said: "If Iran remains unwilling to take the opportunities these talks present, it will face continuing and intensified pressure and isolation."

Experts said a breakthrough was unlikely, with the six powers wary of making concessions that would enable Tehran to draw out the talks and gain time to develop a nuclear weapons capability.

DANGEROUS STEP

The Moscow talks follow two rounds of negotiations since diplomacy resumed in April after a 15-month hiatus during which the West cranked up sanctions pressure.

As a priority, the West wants Iran to halt enrichment of uranium to 20 percent purity, a level much higher than what is needed for power generation, seen by some experts as a dangerous step towards being able to make bomb material.

In Iran, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said Tehran would be prepared to stop enriching uranium to a higher level if the six powers agreed to supply the fuel it needs for a Tehran reactor making medical isotopes.

"From the beginning the Islamic Republic has stated that if European countries provided 20 percent enriched fuel for Iran, it would not enrich to this level," Ahmadinejad said in comments published on the presidential website.

But it is not clear how much influence Ahmadinejad has over the negotiations and whether his remarks reflect Tehran's position. The president, who stands down at elections next year, has fallen out of favor with Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the man who has the ultimate decision-making power over the strategic nuclear program.

"A BOMB OR TO BOMB"

Iran is seeking an end to increasingly tough economic sanctions which have in recent months directly targeted its ability to export oil, its economic lifeblood.

An EU embargo on Iranian oil takes full effect on July 1 and new U.S. financial sanctions some days before that. Iran's crude oil exports have fallen by some 40 percent this year, according to the International Energy Agency.

Without progress to ensure Iran does not develop nuclear arms, Israel "could find itself facing the dilemma of 'a bomb, or to bomb'," Israeli Vice Prime Minister Moshe Yaalon said on Sunday.

"Should that be the choice, then bombing (Iran) is preferable to a bomb (in Iran's hands)," he said. "I hope we do not face that dilemma."

The six powers hope at least to win assurances that Tehran is willing to discuss concrete solutions.

They want a substantive response to their offer of fuel supplies for Tehran's research reactor and relief in sanctions on the sale of commercial aircraft parts to Iran.

At the last talks, in Baghdad last month, they asked Tehran in return to stop producing higher-grade uranium, ship any stockpile out of the country and close down an underground enrichment facility, Fordow.

But Iran's chief negotiator, Saeed Jalili, has indicated the incentives on offer are insufficient, although EU officials said last week that he had agreed to give serious consideration to the proposal.

Mistrust of Iran remains high. The International Atomic Energy Agency failed to persuade Iran, in talks this month, to let it inspect the Parchin military site where it suspects nuclear bomb-related research took place.

(Additional reporting by Fredrik Dahl in Vienna, Marcus George in Dubai, Thomas Grove in Moscow and Dan Williams in Jerusalem; Writing by Justyna Pawlak and Steve Gutterman; Editing by Timothy Heritage and Robin Pomeroy)

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Sonos Sub review

More Info

• Sonos' wireless Sub adds extra thump to your Sonos system for $700 (ears-on)
• Sonos Play:3 review
• Sonos S5 ears-on review: a premium iPod speaker dock without the dock

Every audio product Sonos has delivered so far has worked on the assumption that you would never need anything else after you bought it, whether it's linking to a sound system you already owned or an all-in-one system that Sonos built itself, like the Play:3 or Play:5 (born as the S5). The newly released Sub, by its nature, is entirely dependent on having one of the two Play speakers, and shows the company is becoming more of a traditional audio brand with a full ecosystem. A primary Sonos component can now be just the first step in a growing collection that improves as you expand it -- much as you'd buy a basic stereo, then better speakers, then more at a high-end audio shop. The Sub's $699 price certainly catapults any Sonos system into high-end territory, however, and sets some decidedly lofty expectations for how it will perform. We'll find out after the break if the sheer power and a few clever tricks are enough for the Sub to be an essential ingredient of a wireless home audio setup.

Gallery: Sonos Sub review

Continue reading Sonos Sub review

Sonos Sub review originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 19 Jun 2012 09:00:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Deadly violence on Israel's Egypt, Gaza borders

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Greeks return to polls, sour and divided

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Ron Paul backers seek influence at GOP convention (tbo)

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Mitt Romney sits for an interview, and not just on Fox News

Mitt Romney sat down for an interview on 'Face the Nation', fielding hard balls not typically thrown at him on Fox News. Meanwhile, Obama strategist David Plouffe darted among four other Sunday talk shows, zinging Romney and defending Obama's controversial moves.

By Brad Knickerbocker,?Staff writer / June 17, 2012

Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney gestures during a campaign stop at Mapleside Farms on Sunday, June 17, 2012 in Brunswick, Ohio.

Evan Vucci/AP

Enlarge

Mitt Romney threw off his media security blanket Sunday. That is, he sat down for a substantial TV interview that was not hosted by the friendly folks at Fox News.

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Appearing on CBS?s ?Face the Nation,? he faced veteran newsman Bob Schieffer, who peppered him with questions about the economy, immigration, Europe?s financial crisis, and other issues.

It wasn?t exactly the Spanish Inquisition (no verbal water-boarding), nor was it anything like a proper press conference where reporters could tag-team him.

Know your US presidents? See if D.C. Decoder can stump you!

But there were follow-up questions. Three times, for example, Romney ducked answering whether he?d repeal President Obama?s order regarding the children of illegal immigrants brought to this country.

That?s a tough one for Romney, who?s feeling pressure from some prominent Republicans (Jeb Bush,?Marco Rubio, and?Haley Barbour among them) to back away from the very tough line he took on immigration during the GOP primary debates.

Now, he told Schieffer, ?I would work with Congress to put in place a long-term solution for the children of those that have come here illegally.? (On immigration, it seems, he?s sounding more and more like that old softy Newt Gingrich.)

Romney was questioned on another ticklish subject ? Obamacare, the model for which was Romney?s own health insurance program when he was governor of Massachusetts.

With the Supreme Court's ruling on the constitutionality of Obama's health care law expected as soon as Monday, Romney described what he would do if the justices threw it out.

He wants to make sure people "don't have to worry about losing their insurance" if they already have a medical condition and change jobs; that individuals can buy coverage on their own, if they choose to do so, "on the same tax-advantage basis" as companies do; and that states, aided by federal dollars, take responsibility for the poor and uninsured.

Again, that sounds at least somewhat more nuanced than his ?I?d repeal Obamacare on day one? line.

Here?s Romney?s exchange regarding Europe?s financial crisis:

Schieffer: "If the European economy falls apart, the American economy is going to be in big trouble. What should we be doing right now?"

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